Table 1 Common cellular senescence markers
Marker | Tendencies | Specificities | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
Senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) | ↑ | The most frequently employed senescence marker and relevant to the lysosomal stress response | |
Senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF) | ↑ | Not suitable for detecting aging alone, needs to be combined with other markers | |
SASP | ↑ | Most senescent cells secrete related factors | |
H2A.J | ↑ | Only found in mammals, accumulates in fibroblasts | |
Lamin B1 | ↓ | The functional relationship is not yet clear, and it varies with research | |
High mobility group box 1 | ↓ | may be stress-induced, manifests as nuclear exclusion | |
MicroRNA-146a/9/204/367 | ↑ | Associated with vascular remodeling, predicts inflammation-related genes | |
Cell cycle regulators | |||
p16INK4a | ↑ | Antiproliferative bioactivity | |
p53/p21CIP1 | – | Not necessarily expressed, depending on the type of aging program | |
DEC1/DEC2 | ↑ | Co-localization with the senescence marker SA-β-Gal | |
MSC-derived microvesicles (MSC-MVs) | – | Senescent late passaged MSCs secrete higher levels and smaller sized MSC-MVs |
