Fig. 1
From: Biologics for bone regeneration: advances in cell, protein, gene, and mRNA therapies
Expression profile of osteogenic growth factors during fracture healing. This schematic illustrates the four phases of bone healing: inflammatory phase, soft callus formation, ossification, and remodeling. At each stage, specific cell populations locally and focally express osteogenic growth factors. The asterisks and intensity of each arrow represent the expression level of a given factor by a particular cell type. OB osteoblasts, MSC mesenchymal stem cells, CH chondrocytes, PMSC periosteal mesenchymal stem cells, ICH immature chondrocytes, MP macrophages, PL platelets, MO monocytes, EC endothelial cells, HCH hypertrophic chondrocytes, OC osteoclasts, BMP bone morphogenetic protein, PDGF platelet-derived growth factor, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, FGF fibroblast growth factor, TGF-β1 transforming growth factor-β1, IGF insulin-like growth factors, NGF nerve growth factor
