Fig. 2
From: Biologics for bone regeneration: advances in cell, protein, gene, and mRNA therapies
Categories of biologic therapies for bone regeneration. Schematic overview of representative examples across distinct classes of biologic therapies for bone regeneration, including protein therapy, gene therapy, transcript therapy, cell therapy, small molecules, and peptides. Some therapies, such as recombinant BMP-2 and BMP-7, are FDA-approved, while others—like VEGF pDNA gene therapy—are currently in clinical trials. Emerging approaches such as transcript therapy (e.g., cmRNA) remain in the preclinical stage. BMP bone morphogenetic protein, PDGF platelet-derived growth factor, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, pDNA plasmid DNA, HA hydroxyapatite, BMA bone marrow aspirate, PRP platelet-rich plasma, cmRNA chemically modified mRNA, HTS high-throughput screening, RGD arginine-glycine-aspartic acid tripeptide
