Table 1 Summary of orthodontic bonding modifications for common restorative materials

Predominantly glassy ceramics

Sandblasting with aluminium oxide particles of <50 μm⁹

Hydrofluoric acid etching and silane coupling agent^9,16

Ultradent Porcelain Etch and Silane

Bisco Porcelain Primer Silane Coupling Agent

Phosphoric acid and silane coupling agent^19,20

3M Scotchbond Etchant and RelyX Ceramic Primer

Silane coupling agent (no etching)

Reliance porcelain conditioner

Zirconia (with glassy ceramic veneer)

Polishing with pumice and rubber cup. Sandblasting with aluminium oxide particles of 50 μm²⁴

Silane coupling agent²²

Monobond-S

Reliance porcelain conditioner

Zirconia (monolithic)

Roughen with diamond bur (to remove glaze)²⁵

MDP-containing (10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate) zirconia primer²⁵

Bisco Z-Prime Plus

Resin composite (except nano-filled)

Roughen with tungsten carbide or diamond bur^9,26

(Standard bonding primer only)^9,26

Transbond XT Primer (3M)

Nano-filled resin composite

Sandblasting with aluminium oxide²⁶

Plastic conditioner²⁶

Reliance plastic conditioner

Amalgam

Sandblasting with aluminium oxide particles of 50 μm^9,29,30

4-META metal primer³

Reliance metal primer

Gold and stainless steel

Sandblasting with silicone dioxide particles of 30 μm³³ or aluminium oxide particles of 50 μm^3,9

4-META metal primer^3,9

Reliance metal primer