Fig. 1: Schematic overview of bile lipidomic profiling and diagnostic applications in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). | British Journal of Cancer

Fig. 1: Schematic overview of bile lipidomic profiling and diagnostic applications in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).

From: Lipidomic profiling of human bile distinguishes cholangiocarcinoma from benign bile duct diseases with high specificity and sensitivity: a prospective descriptive study

Fig. 1

a Study design workflow: a Study participants were stratified into three independent cohorts. Cohorts 1 and 2 underwent independent untargeted lipidomic analyses for diagnostic model development and cross-validation. Cohort 3 was subsequently analysed using targeted lipid quantification to verify candidate lipids identified via untargeted lipidomics analysis and validate the diagnostic model. b Demographic Characteristics: A multilayer circular chart systematically presents the clinical and demographic information across six hierarchically structured levels. The innermost layer (1) denotes cohort allocation (Cohorts 1–3), followed by group classification (control vs. tumour) in the second layer. The third layer defines the clinical stratification criteria: the control group is subdivided into inflammatory and noninflammatory biliary tract disorders, whereas the tumour group is categorised according to TNM stage (I-IV). The fourth layer specifies disease subtypes. The control group includes simple biliary stones (SBS), recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (RPC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and benign biliary tumours. The tumour group was further classified into the following CCA subtypes: intrahepatic (iCCA), perihilar (pCCA), and distal (dCCA). The fifth and sixth layers summarise sex distribution and age stratification, respectively.

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