Fig. 2: Significant perturbation in the bile lipidome of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) samples compared with that of benign control samples.

a, b Principal component analysis (PCA) score plots showing separation between CCA patients and benign controls in cohorts 1 and 2. c, d Hierarchical clustering heatmaps displaying the top 50 most significantly differentially abundant annotated lipids between the control and tumour groups. Sample information, including group, sex, age, and tumour stage, is annotated on the columns, whereas lipid types and ESI models are annotated on the rows for each lipid feature.