Table 2 Uni and multivariable analysis of the risk factors for the occurrence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
Alcohol intake | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Alcohol use | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) | 0.059 | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | 0.011 |
Missing | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | 0.0009 | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 0.170 |
Cigarette Smoking | ||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Ever | 1.25 (1.20–1.30) | <0.0001 | 1.19 (1.13–1.24) | <0.0001 |
Missing | 0.72 (0.66-0.78) | <0.0001 | 0.75 (0.68–0.82) | <0.0001 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Dyslipidemia | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.53 (1.46–1.60) | <0.0001 | 1.50 (1.43–1.57) | <0.0001 |
Increased blood pressure | ||||
No | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.18 (1.13–1.23) | <0.0001 | ||
Lung cancer | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.35 (0.23–0.54) | <0.0001 | 0.29 (0.19–0.45) | <0.0001 |
Bladder cancer | ||||
No | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.17 (0.92–1.50) | 0.202 | ||
Head and neck cancer | ||||
No | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.52 (0.91–2.53) | 0.109 | ||
Melanoma | ||||
No | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 0.623 | ||
Pancreatic cyst | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 6.34 (3.45–11.64) | <0.0001 | 4.39 (2.28–8.45) | <0.0001 |
Pancreatitis | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 2.58 (2.18–3.05) | <0.0001 | 2.16 (1.81–2.58) | <0.0001 |
Cholecystitis | ||||
No | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.39 (1.17–1.64) | 0.0001 | ||
Helicobacter pylori infection | ||||
No | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.31 (0.96–1.79) | 0.084 | ||
Diabetis mellitus | ||||
No | 1.00 | |||
Diagnosis ≤4 years | 1.19 (1.09–1.30) | 0.0009 | ||
Diagnosis >4 years | 1.23 (1.15–1.31) | <0.0001 | ||
Introduction or changes of antidiabetic medication over the last four years | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.49 (1.39–1.59) | <0.0001 | 1.19 (1.11–1.28) | <0.0001 |
Clinical examination | ||||
Weight loss >5% within the previous year | ||||
No | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.00 (0.86–1.15) | 0.975 | ||
Missing | 0.74 (0.71–0.78) | <0.0001 | ||
Fatigue | ||||
No | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.664 | ||
Abdominal pain | ||||
No | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.11 (1.04–1.18) | 0.0008 | ||
Laboratory test results | ||||
Alanine aminotransferase | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Elevated | 2.07 (1.95–2.19) | <0.0001 | 1.76 (1.66–1.87) | <0.0001 |
Missing | 1.32 (1.26–1.39) | <0.0001 | 1.73 (1.63–1.84) | <0.0001 |
Aspartate aminotransferase | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | |||
Elevated | 0.92 (0.84–1.02) | 0.113 | ||
Missing | 0.79 (0.75–0.84) | <0.0001 | ||
Alkaline phosphatase | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Elevated | 3.70 (3.51–3.91) | <0.0001 | 3.21 (3.03–3.39) | <0.0001 |
Missing | 1.25 (1.19–1.32) | <0.0001 | 1.62 (1.51–1.74) | <0.0001 |
Gamma-glutamyl transferase | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Elevated | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 0.111 | ||
Missing | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.023 | ||
Total bilirubin | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Elevated | 2.91 (2.70–3.13) | <0.0001 | 2.48 (2.29–2.68) | <0.0001 |
Missing | 0.84 (0.79–0.89) | <0.0001 | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 0.430 |
Amylase | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | |||
Elevated | 1.53 (1.13–2.07) | 0.006 | ||
Missing | 0.73 (0.65–0.82) | <0.0001 | ||
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Elevated | 1.56 (1.45–1.67) | <0.0001 | 1.27 (1.18–1.37) | <0.0001 |
Missing | 0.94 (0.90–0.99) | 0.021 | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.061 |
C-reactive protein | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | |||
Elevated | 2.00 (1.82–2.18) | <0.0001 | ||
Missing | 1.19 (1.10–1.28) | <0.0001 | ||
Lactate dehydrogenase | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | |||
Elevated | 1.10 (0.79–1.53) | 0.560 | ||
Missing | 0.84 (0.71–1.00) | 0.047 | ||
Albumin | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Decreased | 1.72 (1.64–1.82) | <0.0001 | 1.54 (1.46–1.62) | <0.0001 |
Missing | 0.83 (0.78–0.88) | <0.0001 | 0.81 (0.75–0.87) | <0.0001 |
Total cholesterol | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | |||
Elevated | 0.78 (0.74–0.82) | <0.0001 | ||
Missing | 0.66 (0.62–0.70) | <0.0001 | ||
Glycated haemoglobin A1c | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | |||
Elevated | 1.57 (1.43–1.72) | <0.0001 | ||
Missing | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.985 | ||
