Fig. 4: Comparison of maximal biomarker levels between patients who experienced acute kidney injury (AKI) during the first seven days in the ICU and those who did not.

A–L Boxplots of log2-transformed values of interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-18 (IL-18), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), GDF15, free malondialdehyde (MDA), catalytic iron (Fec), urinary chitinase-3-like 1 protein (u-CHI3L1), and serum chitinase-3-like protein 1 (s-CHI3L1) (highest value during first seven days after ICU admission) in patients who experienced AKI during the first seven days after ICU admission and those who did not. Comparisons between the two groups (AKI: n = 77, No AKI: n = 99) were performed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. *: p ≤ 0.05, **: p ≤ 0.01, ***: p ≤ 0.001.