Table 2 Cell death and DAMP production in cardiovascular diseases.
Disease | Risk factor | Cell Death | Cell death KO mice | DAMP | DAMP KO mice |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ischemic heart disease and ischemia-reperfusion injury | Smoking [258] Hypertension [258] Obesity [259] Hypercholesterolemia [260] Alcohol [261] Air pollution [262] | Apoptosis [263] Necroptosis [133] Pyroptosis [190] Ferroptosis [132] Mitochondrial Permeability Transition [131] | Bax knockout tolerated heart injury upon IRI [264]. Ripk3 depletion provided cardiac protection in cardiac IR injury [265]. Nrf2 KO mice have increased infarct size and reduced cardio protection upon regional IR [266]. | HMGB1 HSP60, HSP70 Fibronectin, hyaluronic acid mtDNA circulating RNA cardiac myosin extracellular ATP [134] | - |
Heart failure | Smoking [267] Hypertension [268] Obesity [269] Hypercholesterolemia [270] Alcohol [271] Air pollution [272] | Apoptosis [273] Necroptosis [133] Pyroptosis [274] Ferroptosis [275] Mitochondrial Permeability Transition [131] | Bax KO mice are protected against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy [276]. MLKL knockout improved myocardial function in diabetic cardiomyiopathy [277]. Inflammation, infarct development, myocardial dysfunction were diminished in ASC and Caspase-1 deficient mice [278]. GSDMD KO mice have reduced infarct size, improved cardiac function [279]. | HMGB1 HSP60, HSP70 Fibronectin hyaluronic acid mtDNA circulating RNA cardiac myosin extracellular ATP [134] | - |
