Table 4 Cell death and DAMP production in type2 diabetes.
Risk factor | Cell death | Cell death KO mice | DAMP | DAMP KO mice | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T2D | Smoking [288] Hypertension [289] Obesity [290] Hypercholesterolemia [291] Alcohol [292] Air pollution [28] | Apoptosis [293] Necroptosis [294] Pyroptosis [295] Ferroptosis [157] | Caspase-8 is essential for beta-cell apoptosis in type 1 and type 2 diabetes [161]. MLKL KO mice reveal MLKL as a regulator of insulin sensitivity [65]. Both Nlrp3 and Caspase-1 deficiencies improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity [162], [67]. Sterile inflammation induced by diabetic nephropathy is blunted in both Caspase-11-/- and GSDMD-/- mice [296]. The specific knockdown of Nrf2 increased the sensitivity of cells to ferroptosis in high glucose conditions [297]. Mice lacking CypD were protected from high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance [163]. | mtDNA [165] HMGB1 [298] glucose IAPP palmitate ceramide ECs AGE S100 proteins [164] ROS [299] Uric acid [167] | Decreased glucose levels and increased glucose tolerance was shown in HMGB1 KO mice [166]. |
