Table 5 Cell death and DAMP production in liver diseases.
Diseases | Risk factor | Cell death | Cell death KO mice | DAMP | DAMP KO mice |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) | Smoking [300] Hypertension [301] Obesity [302] Hypercholesterolemia [303] Alcohol [304] Air pollution [305] | Apoptosis [170] Necroptosis [116] Pyroptosis [180] Ferroptosis [121] | Bid-/- mice were protected from EtOH-induced apoptosis, but Bid not contribute to EtOH-induced steatosis and hepatocyte injury [170]. Alcohol-treated RIPK3 KO mice had less steatosis, inflammation, and liver damage [116], [171]. Deficiency of NLRP3, Caspase-1, ASC, caspase-11 and IL-1R1, prevented alcohol-induced inflammation and liver damage [180], [119], [173]. | Glutamate HMGB1 ATP miRNA Mitochondrial dsRNA Mitochondrial DNA Nuclear DNA EV ligands Lipids [122] | HMGB1 ablation in hepatocytes protected mice from alcohol-induced liver damage [179]. |
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease NASH/NAFLD | Smoking [306] Hypertension [307] Obesity [308] Hypercholesterolemia [309] Alcohol [310] Air pollution [311] | Apoptosis [312] Necroptosis [313] Pyroptosis [175] Ferroptosis [176] Mitochondrial Permeability Transition [314] | Reduced inflammation was shown in Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 deficient mice [312], [315]. Steatohepatitis and NAFLD were reduced in high-fat diet-fed MLKL-KO mice [313]. In GSDMD deficient mice steatohepatitis and the level of inflammatory cytokines was reduced [175]. CypD deficiency reduced high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis [314]. | ATP Uric acid Fatty acids Cholesterol HMGB1 [316] |
