Fig. 3: Various enzyme mediated tRNA modifications.

tRNA modifying enzymes affect codon-specific translation: A TRMT10C promotes cancer progression via m1A modification. B Trm1 modifies tRNA SerUGA and tRNA LeuAAG. C TRMT12 inactivation reduces tRNA modifications, causing ribosomal -1 frameshifts. D NSUN6 upregulation increases tRNA m5C modification, enhancing translation of cancer-related proteins. E METTL6-mediated m3C modification boosts translation efficiency of tRNA SerGCT decoding AGU codons.