Table 3 Traditional Chinese herbal ingredients in the treatment of ferroptosis.

Artemisia annua

Artemisinin

C₁₅H₂₂O₅

Degrade intracellular ferritin to upregulate free iron level; upregulate p53 to inhibit system Xc^- function [187]

Astragalus Membranaceus

Calycosin

C₁₆H₁₂O₅

Suppress ACSL4 [188]; alleviates ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling [265];

Angelica dahurica,

Eucommia ulmoides, Prunella vulgaris

Umbelliferone

C₉H₆O₃

Inhibiting ferroptosis through activation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway [189]

Coptis chinensis

Berberine

C₂₀H₁₈NO₄⁺

Inhibiting ferroptosis by up-regulating NRF2/SLC7A11/GPX4 [266] and targeting ACSL4 [174]; BBR suppressed ferroptosis via promoting GPX4 expression [190]

Curcuma longa

Curcumin

C₂₁H₂₀O₆

Induces ferroptosis via activating autophagy [192]

Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl.

Erianin

C₁₈H₂₂O₅

Exerts anticancer effects by inducing Ca²⁺/CaM-dependent ferroptosis [193]; inducing ferroptosis via NRF2 inactivation [267] and blocking the JAK2/STAT3/SLC7A11 signaling pathway [268]

Camellia sinensis

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, EGCG

C₂₂H₁₈O₁₁

Inhibiting ferroptosis by increasing NRF2 and GPX4 expression [269]

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Compound Glycyrrhizin

C₄₂H₆₂O₁₆

Inhibiting ferroptosis via the HMGB1/GPX4 Pathway [270], HMGB1-TLR4-GPX4 [271] and Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway [272]

Glabridin

C₂₀H₂₀O₄

Repressed ferroptosis by increasing SOD and GSH activity, and GPX4, SLC7A11, and SLC3A2 expression [273]

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgolide B

C₂₀H₂₄O₁₀

Alleviates ferroptosis by inhibiting GPX4 ubiquitination [274]; inhibiting ferroptosis by disrupting NCOA4-FTH1 interaction [275]

Leonurus japonicus Houtt

Leonurine

C₁₄H₂₁N₃O₅

Alleviating ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2 pathway [191]; reduces ferroptosis by increasing GPX4 and Nrf2 expression [276]

Platycladus orientalis, Astragalus Membranaceus

Quercetin

C₂₁H₂₀O₁₁

inhibits ferroptosis by inhibiting the expression of ATF3 [277] and Nrf2 [278]; inhibits ferroptosis by downregulating phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, mTOR [279]

Magnolia officinalis

Honokiol, HNK

C₁₈H₁₈O₂

induces ferroptosis by reducing the activity of GPX4 [194] or upregulating HMOX1 [195]; inhibits ferroptosis by activating AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway [196]

Salvia miltiorrhiza

Tanshinone IIA

C₁₉H₁₈O₃

induces ferroptosis through p53-mediated SLC7A11 down-regulation [197]; inhibits ferroptosis through activating Nrf2 signaling pathway [198]

Inula japonica Thunb.

1,6-o-o-diacetyl-britannilactone, OABL

C₁₉H₂₆O₆

inhibits ferroptosis by increasing the GSH level [280]

Schisandra chinensis

Schisandrin A

C₂₄H₃₂O₆

Attenuates ferroptosis by AdipoR1/AMPK-ROS/mitochondrial damage [199]; activating ferroptosis by AMPK/mTOR pathway [200]

Schisandrin B

C₂₃H₂₈O₆

Attenuates ferroptosis via AMPK/PGC1α/Nrf2 signaling pathway [281]; inhibits ferroptosis through SIRT1/p53/SLC7A11 signaling pathway [282]; reduce ferroptosis by inhibiting oxidative stress [283]

Sennae Folium

Sennoside A

C₄₂H₃₈O₂₀

restrains TRAF6 level to modulate ferroptosis [284]

Crocus sativus

Crocetin C₂₀H₂₄O₄

Alleviates ferroptosis by facilitating Nrf2 nuclear translocation [285]; moderating ferroptosis via Nrf2/GPX4 pathway [286]