Fig. 6: Schematic illustration of the association of β1-AR with different heart diseases.

From cardiomyocytes apoptosis to heart failure, β1-AR affects cardiac diseases at different stages through distinct mechanisms. (Created with BioRender.com).

From cardiomyocytes apoptosis to heart failure, β1-AR affects cardiac diseases at different stages through distinct mechanisms. (Created with BioRender.com).