Table 2 Introduction to inflammatory vesicles.
Protein name | Activation mechanism | Core function | Associated diseases | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
NLRP3 | Signals mitochondrial damage: mtDNA leakage, cardiolipin exposure, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overload. Other signals: ATP, crystals (uric acid/β amyloid), pathogens | Assembly of ASC-caspase-1 complex, activation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) \ interleukin-18 (IL-18) induction of cellular pyroptosis | Aging-related: Alzheimer’s disease (Aβ activation), atherosclerosis (cholesterol crystallization activation) and type 2 diabetes (pancreatic β-cell damage). Others: gout, CAPS (autoinflammatory syndrome) | |
NLRC4 | Viral RNA response | Significantly inhibit the activation of NLRP3 and absent in melanoma 2 inflammatory vesicles and reduces the release of IL-1β and IL-18; promotes autophagy through the beclin-1-dependent pathway | Viral infections: negative regulation of type I interferon response by NLRP4 may result in viruses evading immune clearance; autoimmune diseases: exacerbates joint inflammation | [157] |
NLRP1 | Deregulates recombinant dipeptidyl peptidase 8/9 inhibition; Activates protease cleavage; directly senses dsRNA | Activates caspase-1 to cleave IL-1β precursor | Activation by Bacillus anthracis triggers immune defenses; autoimmune disease: hyperactivation of NLRP1 may be associated with chronic inflammation | [158] |
AIM2 | Directly binds dsDNA | Modulates autoimmune tolerance; maintains genomic stability; anti-infection immune defense | Autoimmunity: systemic lupus erythematosus; infection: HIV infection; aging-associated: cytoplasmic mtDNA accumulation drives inflammation | [159] |
Pyrin | Rho GTPase inactivation in response to bacterial toxins | Immune defense, inflammatory regulation, autoimmune homeostasis | Autoinflammatory diseases: familial Mediterranean fever; pathogenic infections: salmonella infection | [160] |
