Fig. 4: A framework for peptide function prediction based on AI structural prediction and peptide‒protein interaction networks.

a Schematic diagram of the framework for peptide function prediction based on AI structural prediction and peptides‒protein interaction networks. b GO classification atlas for peptides based on predicted interaction protein. Candidates were assigned to six groups. The size of circles showed the degree of this node. c Comprehensive KEGG visualization using the Plotly-sunburst method. The KEGG classification is specific cellular processes, environmental information processing, genetic information processing, human diseases, metabolism, and organismal systems. d A circular histogram of representative process. Each histogram shows the distribution of GO enrichment. e A circular histogram of “Metabolism” process. Each histogram shows the distribution of KEGG enrichment. f Nightingale rose diagram visualization of the ‘binding’ function of each novel peptide. The color indicates the type of different combinations, and the radius of the arc indicates the number of related GO. g Pie bars show disaggregated information about the associated protein in each component of cell. The organelle of the pie chart is broken down into bars and further subdivided into nucleus, mitochondrion, lysosome, and Golgi apparatus. h Voronoi dendrogram visualization of organelle positions for peptides with specific localization. i Voronoi dendrogram visualization of the predicted interacting proteins of these peptides enriched by 6 specific KEGG items in Cellular Processes and Metabolism. j Visualization of pep1-nc-OLMALINC-NDUB1 (upper left), pep5-nc-TRHDE-AS1-FABP1 (upper right), pep-nc-ZNF436-AS1-PET100 (lower left) and pep2-nc-AC027045.3-STMP1 (lower right) binding by use of ClusPro molecular docking. Peptides in either complex are represented by lightpink “cartoon” structures, while protein receptors are represented by palegreen “cartoons”. The interaction residue label is displayed, and the specific measurement value of the polar contacts are represented in numerical form. k GO analyses of potential interacting protein of OLMALINC. l GO analyses of potential interacting protein of pep5-nc-TRHDE-AS1. m GO analyses of potential interacting protein of pep-nc-ZNF436-AS1. n GO analyses of potential interacting protein of pep2-nc-AC027045.3.