Table 3 Results for the association of percent gamma-linolenic acid in breast milk with linear growth faltering outcomes in the PROVIDE Study

From: Association of breast milk gamma-linolenic acid with infant anthropometric outcomes in urban, low-income Bangladeshi families: a prospective, birth cohort study

Outcome

n

Modela

Effect size per 20% change in %GLA [95%CI]b

p valuec

Primary

 ΔLAZ (52–6 weeks)

563

Minimal

0.05 [0.03, 0.07]

3 × 10−6

 

317

Minimal + GA

0.05 [0.02, 0.08]

7 × 10−4

Secondary

 ΔLAZ (104–6 weeks)

538

Minimal

0.06 [0.04, 0.09]

8 × 10−7

 

298

Minimal + GA

0.05 [0.02, 0.09]

0.003

 ΔWAZ (52–6 weeks)

563

Minimal

0.04 [0.02, 0.07]

1 × 10−4

 

317

Minimal + GA

0.05 [0.02, 0.09]

0.002

 ΔWAZ (104–6 weeks)

538

Minimal

0.03 [0.005, 0.06]

0.02

 

298

Minimal + GA

0.05 [0.02, 0.09]

0.007

  1. The primary outcome was the change in LAZ from 6 weeks to 52 weeks
  2. LAZ length for age Z score, WAZ weight for age Z score
  3. aMinimal model adjustments: sex, log(%AA), log(%DHA), infant serum zinc (week 6), infant serum zinc (week 18), infant age at anthropometry and zinc measures, infant age at breast milk sample Minimal + GA: added gestational age to the Minimal model
  4. b%GLA in breast milk was tested as log(%GLA). Effect sizes and 95% CI were converted to a standard effect size of the change in outcome ΔLAZ or ΔWAZ for a 20% increase in %GLA. For comparison, one SD increase in %GLA at the estimated mean %GLA (0.16%) would be a 62.5% increase in breast milk %GLA
  5. cThe p value tests the significance of the association of log(%GLA) with the anthropometry outcome
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