Fig. 1: Structural equation models for the association between stunting and fat mass and fat free mass in male and female participants of the Birth-to-twenty Plus cohort study.

The solid lines represent significant direct effects and the dashed line is not a significant direct effect. All values are coefficients with standard errors in parenthesis. Significance levels: *p value < 0.1; **p value < 0.05; ***p value < 0.001. The model fit statistics were: the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation for (a): 0.022 (0.019–0.024), (b): 0.027 (0.023–0.32), (c): 0.42 (0.39–0.44), (d): 0.016 (0.009–0.021); the Comparative Fit Index for (a): 0.781, (b): 0.920, (c): 0.844, (d): 0.764; the Tucker–Lewis Index for (a): 0.778, (b): 0.905, (c): 0.800, (d): 0.759.