Table 2 Overview of growth and neurodevelopment data from included studies.

Study ID	Short term growth			Long term growth			Neurodevelopmental impairment (overall)	Cognitive impairment	Cerebral palsy	Visual impairment	Hearing impairment	Behavioural issues including autism
	Wt. gain	Lt. gain	Increase in HC	Wt.	Ht.	HC
Agrawal 2020	.	.	.	.	.	.	↔	↔	.	↔	↔	↔
Akar 2016	.	.	.	.	.	.	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	.
Al-Hosni 2012	↑	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Bin Nun 2005	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Chrzanowska-Liszewska 2012	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Chou 2010	.	.	.	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	.
Choudhury 2015	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Costalos 2003	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Cui 2019	↑	↑	↑	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Demirel 2013	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Dilli 2015	↔	↑	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Hays 2016	↔	↔	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Indrio 2008	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Indrio 2017	↑	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Jacobs 2013^a	↑/ ↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Jacobs 2017	.	.	.	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↓	↔
Kitajima 1997	↑	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Mohan 2008^b	↑/↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Oshiro 2019	↑	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Patole 2014	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Reuman 1986	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Romeo 2011	.	.	.	.	.	.	↓	.	.	.	.	.
Sari 2011	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Sari 2012	.	.	.	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	.
Serce 2013	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Shadkam 2015	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Shashidhar 2017	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Spreckels 2021^c	↔	↔	↑	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Stratiki 2007	↔	↔	↑	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Sukanyaa 2017	↑	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Totsu 2014	↔	↔	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Totsu 2018	.	.	.	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔	.	.	.
Van Niekerk 2014	↔	↔	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Wejryd 2019^c	↔	↔	↑	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Xu 2016	↑	↔	↔	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.

PS probiotic supplemented infants.
↑: significant increase in PS, ↓ : significant decrease in PS; ↔ : no significant difference between groups, ∙: not reported.
^aJacobs et al. Reported significant weight gain in PS at 28 days and comparable weight gain between groups at discharge.
^bMohan et al. reported significant increase in weight gain in PS receiving antibiotics vs controls, no difference in weight gain in all infants.
^cSpreckels and Wejryd are two different publications from the same RCT (PROPEL).

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