Table 1 Feeding characteristics according to type of clustersa.

From: Diverse weaning foods and diet patterns at multiple time points during infancy period and their association with neurodevelopmental outcomes in 6-year-old children

Variables

n (%)

Question

Answer

Total (n = 133,243)

Control (n = 71,169)

Cluster 1 (n = 47,990)

Cluster 2 (n = 8750)

Cluster 3 (n = 5334)

Types of feeding during the first 4 months of ageb

Only human milk

62,969 (47.3)

36,744 (51.6)

22,089 (46.0)

1979 (22.6)

2157 (40.4)

Only formula milk

42,375 (31.8)

19,465 (27.4)

15,774 (32.9)

4891 (55.9)

2245 (42.1)

Mixed

27,899 (20.9)

14,960 (21.0)

10,127 (21.1)

1880 (21.5)

932 (17.5)

Timing of initiation of weaning foodc

<4 months

3170 (2.4)

1460 (2.1)

1029 (2.1)

487 (5.6)

186 (3.5)

4–6 months

104,966 (78.8)

61,034 (85.8)

35,615 (74.2)

5131 (58.6)

3186 (59.7)

>6 months or not yet

25,107 (18.8)

8667 (12.2)

11,346 (23.6)

3132 (35.8)

1962 (36.8)

Frequency of weaning food intake per day at 1 year of agec

None

39 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (0.0)

21 (0.2)

15 (0.3)

1

2729 (2.0)

177 (0.2)

1149 (2.4)

619 (7.1)

784 (14.7)

2

31,254 (23.5)

7239 (10.2)

17,093 (35.6)

5052 (57.7)

1870 (35.1)

3

96,121 (72.1)

62,090 (87.2)

29,035 (60.5)

2515 (28.7)

2481 (46.5)

≥4

3100 (2.3)

1663 (2.3)

710 (1.5)

543 (6.2)

184 (3.4)

Types of solid foods introduced at 1 year of agec

Grains

121,379 (91.1)

70,241 (98.7)

40,406 (84.2)

8069 (92.2)

2663 (49.9)

Vegetables

129,072 (96.9)

71,084 (99.9)

47,295 (87.5)

8475 (96.9)

2218 (41.6)

Fruits

102,173 (76.7)

66,861 (93.9)

25,581 (53.3)

8340 (95.3)

1391 (26.1)

Eggs

85,341 (64.0)

66,123 (92.9)

10,780 (22.5)

7684 (87.8)

754 (14.1)

Fish

83,840 (62.9)

63,676 (89.5)

11,829 (24.6)

7817 (89.3)

518 (9.7)

Meat

125,694 (94.3)

70,972 (99.7)

45,923 (95.7)

8128 (92.9)

671 (12.6)

Amount of juice consumed at 2 year of aged

Less than 200 ml/day

124,504 (93.4)

68,153 (95.8)

45,127 (94.0)

6449 (73.7)

4775 (89.5)

200≤ and <500 ml/day

8105 (6.1)

2907 (4.1)

2658 (5.5)

2054 (23.5)

486 (9.1)

500 ml/day or over

634 (0.5)

109 (0.2)

205 (0.4)

247 (2.8)

73 (1.4)

Amount of juice consumed at 3 year of agee

Less than 200 ml/day

125,385 (94.1)

68,948 (96.9)

45,371 (94.5)

6234 (71.2)

4832 (90.6)

200≤ and <500 ml/day

7057 (5.3)

1996 (2.8)

2267 (4.7)

2342 (26.8)

452 (8.5)

500 ml/day or over

801 (0.6)

225 (0.3)

352 (0.7)

174 (2.0)

50 (0.9)

Frequency of meal intake per day at 3 year of agee

1

361 (0.3)

58 (0.1)

112 (0.2)

127 (1.5)

64 (1.2)

2

12,015 (9.0)

2853 (4.0)

4910 (10.2)

3536 (40.4)

716 (13.4)

3

119,388 (89.6)

67,867 (95.4)

42,564 (88.7)

4542 (51.9)

4415 (82.8)

≥4

1479 (1.1)

391 (0.5)

404 (0.8)

545 (6.2)

139 (2.6)

Amount of milk consumed at 3 year of agee

None

31 (0.0)

7 (0.0)

21 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

Less than 200 ml/day

46,536 (34.9)

25,311 (35.6)

16,903 (35.2)

2581 (29.5)

1741 (32.6)

200≤ and <500 ml/day

79,473 (59.6)

43,771 (61.5)

28,38 (59.1)

4241 (48.5)

3075 (57.6)

500≤ and <1000 ml/day

7003 (5.3)

2071 (2.9)

2623 (5.5)

1822 (20.8)

487 (9.1)

1000 ml/day or over

200 (0.2)

9 (0.0)

57 (0.1)

104 (1.2)

30 (0.6)

  1. n number.
  2. aChildren were classified based on their dietary patterns in infancy and young childhood using polytomous variable latent class analysis.
  3. bThis questionnaire was answered by their parents or legal guardians when their children were 4–6 months of age in the first round of NHSPIC.
  4. cThis questionnaire was answered by their parents or legal guardians when their children were 9–12 months of age in the second round of NHSPIC.
  5. dThis questionnaire was answered by their parents or legal guardians when their children were 18–24 months of age in the third round of NHSPIC.
  6. eThis questionnaire was answered by their parents or legal guardians when their children were 30–36 months of age in the fourth round of NHSPIC.
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