Table 2 Differences in 25(OH)D (nmol/l) concentrations between baseline and follow-up timepoints in middle-aged women cohort study stratified by potential effectors.

From: Vitamin D sufficiency and its relationship with muscle health across the menopausal transition and aging: Finnish cohorts of middle-aged women and older women and men

Group variables

Baseline mean ± SD

Follow-up mean ± SD

p-value within-subjects effects (time)

p-value between-subjects effects (group)

p-value for time x group interaction

All

82.8 ± 23.8 (n = 237)

87.3 ± 29.4 (n = 237)

<0.001

  

Education at baseline

  

<0.001

0.551

0.074

 At most secondary

84.6 ± 25.9 (n = 136)

87.2 ± 31.4 (n = 136)

   

 At least tertiary

80.3 ± 20.4 (n = 101)

87.5 ± 26.7 (n = 101)

   

Smoking status

  

0.004

0.922

0.338

 Never smoker

82.2 ± 23.1 (n = 163)

87.6 ± 27.7 (n = 163)

   

 Ever smoker

83.9 ± 25.3 (n = 74)

86.6 ± 33.2 (n = 74)

   

Menopausal groups

  

0.002

0.002

0.811

 Transition

78.6 ± 21.9 (n = 135)

83.1 ± 25.7 (n = 135)

 

0.001 comp. to POST

 

 PRE/PERI

83.7 ± 21.8 (n = 45)

87.9 ± 27.7 (n = 45)

   

 POST

91.8 ± 27.1 (n = 57)

97.7 ± 36.3 (n = 57)

   

Physical activity

  

0.209

0.033

0.152

 Low

76.9 ± 19.7 (n = 18)

73.2 ± 24.9 (n = 18)

 

0.083 comp. to high

 

 Medium

79.4 ± 24.0 (n = 102)

85.5 ± 28.3 (n = 102)

   

 High

86.6 ± 23.7 (n = 117)

91.130.4 (n = 117)

   

Body mass index

  

<0.001

0.023

0.331

 Normal

86.9 ± 26.6 (n = 105)

93.0 ± 32.2 (n = 105)

 

0.024 comp. to with obesity

 

 Overweight

79.5 ± 20.5 (n = 94)

81.7 ± 24.7 (n = 94)

   

 Obesity

79.3 ± 21.8 (n = 38)

85.6 ± 30.1 (n = 38)

   

Diet; use of fatty fish

  

0.001

0.677

0.761

 Rarely (at most monthly)

81.4 ± 25.9 (n = 59)

84.4 ± 33.6 (n = 59)

   

 Once a week

82.7 ± 18.4 (n = 98)

87.3 ± 23.5 (n = 98)

   

 Often (at least twice a week)

83.8 ± 27.8 (n = 80)

89.5 ± 32.7 (n = 80)

   

Diet; use of (fortified) milk-products

  

<0.001

0.684

0.303

 Rarely (at most once a week)

80.8 ± 24.3 (n = 76)

87.3 ± 33.5 (n = 76)

   

 Regularly (at least twice a week)

83.7 ± 23.5 (n = 161)

87.3 ± 27.4 (n = 161)

   

Season at time of blood sampling

  

0.023

0.425

0.963

 Light season

80.8 ± 26.7 (n = 95)

84.5 ± 33.4 (n = 95)

   

 Toward lightness

80.4 ± 16.8 (n = 8)

85.5 ± 26.8 (n = 8)

   

 Toward darkness

81.4 ± 22.5 (n = 53)

86.7 ± 25.2 (n = 53)

   

 Dark season

86.2 ± 21.3 (n = 81)

91.2 ± 27.2 (n = 81)

   
  1. Significant p-values are bolded.
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