Table 2 Characteristics of infants with different growth patterns.
Characteristic | Growth pattern characterisations per growth index z-score | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight-for-age (WAZ) | Length-for-age (LAZ) | Weight-for-length (WLZ) | HC-for age (HCZ) | ||||||||
Faltering (n = 55) | Gradual gain (n = 184) | Catch-up (n = 83) | Faltering (n = 124) | Gradual gain (n = 147) | Catch-up (n = 51) | Faltering (n = 70) | Maintenance (n = 205) | Catch-up (n = 47) | Maintenance (n = 235) | Catch-up (n = 87) | |
Maternal | |||||||||||
Maternal age (years) [mean ± SD] (n = 285) | 30.8 ± 7.2 | 29.4 ± 6.4 | 28.8 ± 6.5 | 29.1 ± 6.6 | 30.2 ± 6.6 | 28.3 ± 6.6 | 30.8 ± 7.2 | 29.3 ± 6.3 | 28.3 ± 6.7 | 29.8 ± 6.6 | 28.6 ± 6.5 |
▪ Adolescent ( ≤ 19 years) [n (%)] | 3/52 (5.8) | 8/159 (5.0) | 7/74 (9.5) | 9/113 (7.9) | 6/131 (4.6) | 3/41 (7.3) | 4 (6.2) | 9 (5.1) | 5 (11.9) | 13/214 (6.1) | 5/71 (6.9) |
▪ Normal/ low risk (20-34 years) [n (%)] | 32/52 (61.5) | 110/159 (69.2) | 51/74 (68.9) | 79/113 (69.3) | 84/131 (64.6) | 30/41 (73.2) | 39 (60.0) | 123 (69.1) | 31 (73.8) | 141/214 (66.2) | 52/71 (72.2) |
▪ Advanced ( ≥ 35 years) [n (%)] | 17/52 (32.7) | 411/59 (25.8) | 16/74 (21.6) | 26/113 (22.8) | 40/131 (30.8) | 8/41 (19.5) | 22 (33.8) | 46 (25.8) | 6 (14.3) | 59/214 (27.7) | 15/71 (20.8) |
Parity [median (IQR)] (n = 285) | 2 (1.75; 3) | 2 (1; 3) | 2 (1; 3) | 2 (1; 3) | 2 (1;3) | 2 (1; 2) | 2 (1;3) | 2 (1;3) | 2 (1;3) | 2 (1; 3) | 2 (1; 3) |
▪ Primipara, P = 1 [n (%)] | 13/52 (25.0) | 58/159 (36.5) | 26/74 (35.1) | 38/113 (33.6) | 43/131 (32.8) | 16/41 (39.0) | 19 (20.2) | 66 (37.1) | 12 (228.6) | 40/214 (32.7) | 27/71 (38.0) |
Gravidity [median (IQR)] (n = 285) | 2 (2; 4) | 2 (2; 3) | 2 (1; 3) | 2 (2; 3) | 3 (2; 3) | 2 (1; 3) | 2 (2;4) | 2 (2;3) | 2 (1.25;3) | 2 (2; 3) | 2 (1; 3) |
▪ Primigravida, G = 1 [n (%)] | 9/52 (17.3) | 37/159 (23.3) | 20/74 (27.0) | 25/113 (22.1) | 29/131 (22.1) | 12/41(29.3) | 12 (18.5) | 43 (24.2) | 11 (26.2) | 44/214 (20.6) | 22/71 (31.0) |
Maternal HIV infection [n (%)] | 10 (18.2) | 42 (22.8) | 11 (13.2) | 24 (19.4) | 30 (20.4) | 9 (17.6) | 13 (19.1) | 44 (23.0) | 6 (14.0) | 49 (20.9%) | 14 (16.1%) |
▪ ART in pregnancy | 8 (80.0) | 29 (69.0) | 7 (63.6) | 16 (66.7) | 20 (66.7) | 8 (88.9) | 12 (17.6) | 28 (14.7) | 4 (9.3) | 35 (71.4) | 9 (64.3) |
▪ no ART in pregnancy | 2 (20.0) | 7 (16.7) | 1 (9.1) | 7 (29.2) | 2 (6.7) | 1 (11.1) | 0 | 10 (5.2) | 0 | 8 (16.3) | 2 (14.3) |
▪ ART timing not recorded | 0 | 6 (14.3) | 3 (27.3) | 1 (4.2) | 8 (26.7) | 0 | 1 (1.5) | 6 (3.1) | 2 (4.7) | 6 (12.2) | 3 (21.4) |
Maternal conditions a [n (%)] | |||||||||||
▪ … of placenta, cord, membranes | 0 | 9 (4.9) | 4 (4.8) | 6 (4.8) | 5 (3.4) | 2 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (4.4) | 4 (8.5) | 5 (2.1) | 8 (9.2) |
▪ … of pregnancy | 8 (14.5) | 37 (20.1) | 15 (18.1) | 18 (14.5) | 32 (21.8) | 10 (19.6) | 15 (21.4) | 36 (17.6) | 9 (19.1) | 43 (18.3) | 17 (19.5) |
▪ … of labor and delivery | 11 (20.0) | 37 (20.1) | 16 (19.3) | 26 (21.0) | 31 (21.1) | 7 (13.7) | 11 (15.7) | 45 (22.0) | 8 (17.0) | 46 (19.6) | 18 (20.7) |
▪ Medical and surgical conditions | 22 (40.0) | 69 (37.5) | 23 (27.7) | 46 (37.1) | 56 (38.1) | 12 (23.5) | 23 (32.9) | 79 (38.5) | 12 (25.5) | 92 (39.1) | 22 (25.3) |
Infant | |||||||||||
Sex (male) [n (%)] | 34 (61.8) | 87 (47.3) | 39 (47.0) | 69 (55.6) | 69 (46.9) | 22 (43.1) | 41 (58.6) | 99 (48.3) | 20 (42.6) | 126 (53.6) | 34 (39.1) |
Gestational age (weeks) [mean ± SD] | 32.3 ± 2.8 | 32.7 ± 2.4 | 33.2 ± 2.1 | 33.1 ± 2.4 | 32.7 ± 2.3 | 32.2 ± 2.5 | 32.1 ± 2.6 | 32.9 ± 2.3 | 33.2 ± 2.3 | 32.7 ± 2.5 | 33.1 ± 2.1 |
Birth weight z-score b [mean ± SD] | −0.45 ± 1.01 | −0.70 ± 0.90 | −1.14 ± 0.94 | −0.52 ± 0.90 | −0.62 ± 0.77 | −1.82 ± 0.92 | −1.18 ± 1.00 | −0.69 ± 0.96 | −0.52 ± 0.71 | −0.65 ± 0.92 | −1.11 ± 0.97 |
SGA c [n (%)] | 14 (25.5) | 52 (28.3) | 37 (44.6) | 26 (21.0) | 38 (25.9) | 39 (76.5) | 31 (44.3) | 64 (31.2) | 8 (17.0) | 65 (27.7) | 38 (43.7) |
Infant is one of a set of twins [n (%)] | 6 (10.9) | 33 (17.9) | 14 (16.9) | 13 (10.5) | 30 (20.4) | 10 (19.6) | 11 (15.7) | 34 (16.6) | 8 (17.0) | 38 (16.2) | 15 (17.2) |
Any congenital heart condition d [n (%)] | 15 (27.3) | 58 (31.5) | 27 (32.5) | 19 (15.3) | 52 (35.4) | 29 (56.9) | 31 (44.3) | 57 (27.8) | 12 (25.5) | 66 (28.1) | 34 (39.1) |
Early WAZ gain on FGC [mean ± SD] | −0.63 ± 1.01 | −0.09 ± 1.04 | 0.25 ± 1.30 | −0.10 ± 0.99 | 0.12 ± 1.15 | −0.72 ± 1.25 | −1.18 ± 1.00 | −0.69 ± 0.96 | −0.52 ± 0.71 | −0.08 ± 1.16 | −0.14 ± 1.11 |
