Table 3 ORs (95% CIs) for risk of PIH according to tertiles of plasma SFAs in early pregnancy (n = 276)

From: Association of circulating saturated fatty acids with the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension: a nested case–control study

Fatty acids

Concentrations (μg/ml)

Percentage (% by wt)

T1

T2

T3

p-Trenda

p-FDRb

T1

T2

T3

p-Trenda

p-FDRb

Odd-chain SFAs

Pentadecanoic acid (15:0)

<2.28

2.28–3.09

≥3.09

  

<0.11

0.11–0.13

≥0.13

  

Cases/controls (n)

36/61

18/61

38/62

  

38/61

22/61

32/62

  

Crude

1.00

0.54 (0.28, 1.03)

1.01 (0.57, 1.80)

0.62

0.72

1.00

0.60 (0.32, 1.11)

0.85 (0.48, 1.51)

0.64

0.64

Adjustedc

1.00

0.46 (0.21, 1.00)

1.07 (0.52, 2.20)

0.57

0.68

1.00

0.79 (0.35, 1.79)

1.49 (0.70, 3.16)

0.28

0.38

Heptadecanoic acid (17:0)

<4.02

4.02–5.01

≥5.01

  

<0.19

0.19–0.22

≥0.22

  

Cases/controls (n)

38/61

23/61

31/62

  

50/62

20/60

22/62

  

Crude

1.00

0.61 (0.33, 1.14)

0.78 (0.43, 1.43)

0.53

0.71

1.00

0.42 (0.23, 0.79)

0.44 (0.24, 0.82)

0.01

0.02

Adjusted

1.00

0.54 (0.25, 1.18)

0.72 (0.34, 1.55)

0.51

0.68

1.00

0.63 (0.29, 1.38)

0.63 (0.30, 1.36)

0.25

0.38

Sum of odd-chain SFAs

<6.30

6.30–8.04

≥8.04

  

<0.30

0.30–0.35

≥0.35

  

Cases/controls (n)

36/62

20/61

36/61

  

50/61

17/62

25/61

  

Crude

1.00

0.60 (0.32, 1.14)

0.99 (0.55, 1.78)

0.84

0.84

1.00

0.33 (0.17, 0.65)

0.50 (0.27, 0.93)

0.04

0.06

Adjusted

1.00

0.44 (0.20, 1.00)

0.94 (0.45, 1.97)

0.85

0.85

1.00

0.37 (0.16, 0.86)

0.85 (0.39, 1.83)

0.75

0.75

Even-chain SFAs

Myristic acid (14:0)

<9.68

9.68–16.06

≥16.06

  

<0.46

0.46–0.69

≥0.69

  

Cases/controls (n)

21/62

33/60

38/62

  

16/61

33/62

43/61

  

Crude

1.00

1.51 (0.81, 2.82)

1.75 (0.93, 3.31)

0.11

0.27

1.00

1.94 (0.99, 3.82)

2.67 (1.35, 5.31)

0.01

0.02

Adjusted

1.00

1.15 (0.54, 2.45)

1.51 (0.69, 3.33)

0.30

0.68

1.00

1.83 (0.84, 4.02)

2.92 (1.27, 6.74)

0.02

0.10

Palmitic acid (16:0)

<435.03

435.03–529.77

≥529.77

  

<20.85

20.85–22.29

≥22.29

  

Cases/controls (n)

32/62

19/61

41/61

  

17/62

31/60

44/62

  

Crude

1.00

0.63 (0.32, 1.21)

1.37 (0.74, 2.52)

0.28

0.56

1.00

1.90 (0.95, 3.80)

2.60 (1.33, 5.09)

0.01

0.02

Adjusted

1.00

0.55 (0.25, 1.24)

0.85 (0.39, 1.85)

0.77

0.84

1.00

1.56 (0.65, 3.71)

2.85 (1.18, 6.89)

0.02

0.10

Stearic acid (18:0)

<133.11

133.11–161.22

≥161.22

  

<6.31

6.31–7.02

≥7.02

  

Cases/controls (n)

33/62

23/61

36/61

  

36/61

34/61

22/62

  

Crude

1.00

0.71 (0.37, 1.35)

1.10 (0.61, 2.00)

0.66

0.72

1.00

0.96 (0.53, 1.73)

0.58 (0.30, 1.12)

0.13

0.14

Adjusted

1.00

0.46 (0.20, 1.04)

0.73 (0.33, 1.61)

0.54

0.68

1.00

1.14 (0.54, 2.41)

0.80 (0.36, 1.78)

0.65

0.75

Sum of even-chain SFAs

<587.27

587.27–705.15

≥705.15

  

<27.82

27.82–29.63

≥29.63

  

Cases/controls (n)

33/61

19/61

40/62

  

19/62

28/61

45/61

  

Crude

1.00

0.59 (0.30, 1.14)

1.22 (0.67, 2.21)

0.46

0.69

1.00

1.50 (0.75, 2.97)

2.43 (1.26, 4.70)

0.01

0.02

Adjusted

1.00

0.45 (0.19, 1.05)

0.69 (0.32, 1.49)

0.43

0.68

1.00

1.32 (0.56, 3.11)

2.02 (0.89, 4.57)

0.08

0.16

Very long chain SFAs

Arachidic acid (20:0)

<2.31

2.31–2.96

≥2.96

  

<0.10

0.10–0.14

≥0.14

  

Cases/controls (n)

48/62

22/60

22/62

  

37/61

36/61

19/62

  

Crude

1.00

0.45 (0.23, 0.86)

0.43 (0.23, 0.84)

0.01

0.02

1.00

0.96 (0.55, 1.69)

0.49 (0.25, 0.96)

0.05

0.06

Adjusted

1.00

0.51 (0.24, 1.09)

0.40 (0.17, 0.92)

0.02

0.07

1.00

1.14 (0.56, 2.30)

0.79 (0.34, 1.86)

0.69

0.75

Behenic acid (22:0)

<1.68

1.68–2.64

≥2.64

  

<0.07

0.07–0.12

≥0.12

  

Cases/controls (n)

52/61

19/61

21/62

  

43/62

31/60

18/62

  

Crude

1.00

0.32 (0.16, 0.64)

0.35 (0.18, 0.69)

0.002

0.008

1.00

0.71 (0.39, 1.30)

0.41 (0.21, 0.80)

0.01

0.02

Adjusted

1.00

0.25 (0.11, 0.60)

0.30 (0.12, 0.71)

0.007

0.03

1.00

0.59 (0.27, 1.30)

0.45 (0.19, 1.04)

0.07

0.16

Lignoceric acid (24:0)

<1.61

1.61–2.60

≥2.60

  

<0.07

0.07–0.12

≥0.12

  

Cases/controls (n)

53/62

21/61

18/61

  

47/62

28/60

17/62

  

Crude

1.00

0.37 (0.19, 0.72)

0.31 (0.15, 0.62)

0.0005

0.006

1.00

0.58 (0.32, 1.04)

0.34 (0.17, 0.68)

0.002

0.02

Adjusted

1.00

0.33 (0.14, 0.75)

0.26 (0.11, 0.64)

0.002

0.02

1.00

0.55 (0.26, 1.19)

0.39 (0.17, 0.92)

0.03

0.12

Sum of very long chain SFAs

<5.74

5.74–8.28

≥8.28

  

<0.24

0.24–0.38

≥0.38

  

Cases/controls (n)

52/62

20/61

20/61

  

43/61

32/62

17/61

  

Crude

1.00

0.33 (0.16, 0.67)

0.34 (0.17, 0.69)

0.002

0.008

1.00

0.72 (0.40, 1.28)

0.39 (0.20, 0.76)

0.01

0.02

Adjusted

1.00

0.30 (0.13, 0.69)

0.29 (0.12, 0.70)

0.005

0.03

1.00

0.71 (0.34, 1.50)

0.51 (0.22, 1.17)

0.11

0.19

Sum of SFAs

<601.75

601.75–722.07

≥722.07

  

<28.41

28.41–30.24

≥30.24

  

Cases/controls (n)

33/62

19/60

40/62

  

18/61

30/61

44/62

  

Crude

1.00

0.60 (0.31, 1.18)

1.23 (0.68, 2.24)

0.42

0.69

1.00

1.65 (0.82, 3.31)

2.44 (1.25, 4.79)

0.01

0.02

Adjusted

1.00

0.45 (0.19, 1.06)

0.69 (0.32, 1.50)

0.44

0.68

1.00

1.57 (0.66, 3.70)

2.14 (0.92, 4.93)

0.08

0.16

  1. Sum of odd-chain SFAs were the sum of 15:0 and 17:0, Sum of even-chain SFAs were the sum of 14:0, 16:0, and 18:0, Sum of very long chain SFAs were the sum of 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0, Sum of SFAs were the sum of odd-chain SFAs, even-chain SFAs and very long chain SFAs
  2. ORs odds ratio, CIs confidence intervals, PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension, T tertile, p-FDR false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected p values for trend test, SFAs saturated fatty acids
  3. ap-Trend values were obtained from the conditional logistic regression models by using the median of each saturated fatty acids tertiles as continuous variables
  4. bFDR corrections were performed to adjust for multiple comparisons
  5. cAdjusted by parity, education level, pre-pregnancy body mass index, passive smoking, physical activity, iron supplements, and gestational week of blood collection
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