Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study subjects (n = 154)

Number of subjects

60

17

47

30

94

Age, years

43.3 ± 9.3

42.8 ± 11.9

50.1 ± 13.3^a

45.7 ± 12.2

47.4 ± 12.9^a

Women (%)

29 (48.3)

4 (23.5)

16 (34.0)

5 (16.7)^a

25 (26.6)^a

BMI, kg m⁻²

22.5 (21.6, 23.4)

23.7 (22.4, 25.0)^a

23.2 (21.0, 24.6)^b

23.8 (21.8, 25.6)

23.5 (21.6, 24.7)^a

SBP, mmHg

120.0 (112.5, 125.5)

132.0 (124.0,140.0)^a

143.0 (134.0, 155.0)^a,b

154.5 (141.0, 169.0)^a,b,c

143.0 (134.0, 157.0)^a

DBP, mmHg

75.0 (70.0, 79.5)

80.0 (72.0, 83.0)

85.0 (75.0, 91.0)^a

98.0 (79.0, 108.0)^a,b,c

85.0 (75.0, 97.0)^a

TC, mmol l⁻¹

4.4 (4.1, 4.8)

5.2 (4.3, 5.7)^a

4.6 (3.9, 5.3)

4.5 (4.0, 5.6)

4.7 (4.0, 5.4)^a

TG, mmol l⁻¹

1.5 (1.2, 1.7)

1.8 (1.6, 2.9)^a

1.6 (1.1, 2.1)

1.6 (1.2, 2.6)^a

1.7 (1.2, 2.4)^a

HDL-C, mmol l⁻¹

1.3 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3^a

0.9 ± 0.3^a,c

1.1 ± 0.3^a

LDL-C, mmol l⁻¹

2.5 (2.2, 2.7)

2.7 (2.2, 3.2)

2.7 (2.1, 3.1)

2.5 (2.0, 3.2)

2.6 (2.0, 3.2)

FPG, mmol l⁻¹

4.4 (4.2, 4.6)

4.4 (4.1, 4.6)

4.4 (4.0, 4.8)

4.7 (4.1, 5.4)^c

4.5 (4.1, 4.9)

Creatinine, μmol l−¹

63.0 (54.5, 70.0)

82.0 (71.0, 110.0)

142.0 (89.0, 219.0)^a

192.5 (113.0, 304.0)^a,b

136.0 (89.0, 249.0)^a

EGFR, ml/min/1.73 m²

110.1 (101.4, 117.3)

89.2 (65.2, 114.1)^a

48.5 (22.7, 79.5)^ab

32.0 (19.6, 66.8)^a,b

55.7 (23.6, 86.5)^a

ACR, mg/g

6.7 (3.0, 12.6)

211.5 (70.4, 819.1)

562.5 (124.1,1206.1)^a

454.2 (38.5, 1997.3)^a,b

469.3 (70.4, 1206.1)^a

Cardiovascular (%)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (6.4)

3 (10.0)

6 (6.4)^a

Dyslipidemia (%)

0 (0.0)

4 (23.5)^a

5 (10.6)

4 (13.3)

13 (13.8)^a

Diabetes (%)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Agents (%)

0 (0.0)

14 (82.4)^a

32 (68.1)^a

20 (66.7)^a

66 (70.2)^a

Smoking status (%)

5 (8.3)

5 (29.4)

15 (31.9)^a

13 (43.3)^a

33 (35.1)^a

Duration (years)

0.0 (0.0,0.0)

2.0 (0.5, 3.0)

5.0 (0.3, 10.0)^a,b

3.0 (0.1, 7.0)^a

3.5 (0.3, 10.0)^a