Table 2 Adjusted differences in means (95% CIs) of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in midlife Singaporean women, based on sequential multivariable linear regression modeling
From: Blood pressure and adiposity in midlife Singaporean women
Difference in means (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) | Diastolic blood pressure (SBP) | |||
Model 1 | Model 2a | Model 1 | Model 2a | |
Visceral adipose tissue, % | ||||
Lowest tertile | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Middle tertile | 7.1 (4.4, 9.8) | 6.9 (4.1, 9.7) | 0.1 (−1.6, 1.7) | 0.0 (−1.7, 1.7) |
Highest tertile | 10.2 (6.7, 13.7) | 9.8 (6.2, 13.4) | −0.1 (−2.2, 2.0) | −0.2 (−2.4, 2.0) |
Ethnicity | ||||
Chinese | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Malay | −0.5 (−5.0, 4.0) | –0.4 (−4.9, 4.1) | 0.7 (−2.0, 3.4) | 0.7 (−2, 3.5) |
Indian | −3.0 (−6.5, 0.5) | −3.1 (−6.7, 0.4) | −1.0 (−3.1, 1.2) | −1.0 (−3.1, 1.2) |
Menopausal status | ||||
Pre menopausal | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Peri menopausal | 0.5 (−3.2, 4.2) | 0.5 (−3.2, 4.2) | −0.2 (−2.5, 2.0) | −0.2 (−2.4, 2.1) |
Post menopausal | −0.4 (−3.8, 3.1) | −0.5 (−4.0, 2.9) | 0.4 (−1.7, 2.5) | 0.5 (−1.6, 2.6) |
Parity | ||||
Nulliparous | ref | ref | ref | ref |
1 or 2 children | −3.1 (–5.9, −0.3) | −3.2 (−5.9, −0.4) | −1.0 (−2.6, 0.7) | −1.0 (−2.7, 0.7) |
3 or more children | −2.0 (−5.2, 1.1) | −2.1 (−5.2, 1.1) | −1.6 (−3.6, 0.3) | −1.7 (–3.6, 0.3) |
Age, years | ||||
45–54 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
55–64 | 5.2 (2.7, 7.8) | 5.3 (2.7, 7.9) | −0.4 (−1.9, 1.2) | −0.5 (−2.0, 1.1) |
≥65 | 7.5 (3.8, 11.2) | 7.6 (3.9, 11.3) | −1.2 (−3.4, 1.1) | −1.2 (–3.4, 1.1) |
Education | ||||
University | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Secondary | 4.0 (1.8, 6.2) | 3.9 (1.7, 6.1) | 0.4 (−0.9, 1.7) | 0.3 (−1.0, 1.6) |
No formal or primary | 4.5 (1.4, 7.5) | 4.5 (1.4, 7.5) | −0.3 (−2.2, 1.5) | −0.4 (−2.2, 1.5) |
Hot flashes | ||||
None or mild | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Moderate or severe | −2.6 (−5.2, −0.1) | −2.7 (−5.3, −0.1) | 1.0 (−0.5, 2.6) | 1.0 (−0.5, 2.6) |
Diabetes | ||||
No | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Yes | 1.9 (−1.4, 5.3) | 1.9 (−1.4, 5.2) | 1.7 (−0.3, 3.7) | 1.7 (−0.4, 3.7) |
Smoking | ||||
No | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Yes | −0.5 (−7.1, 6.1) | −0.3 (−6.9, 6.3) | −0.9 (−4.9, 3.1) | −0.8 (−4.8, 3.2) |
BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
Normal or underweight, <23.0 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Overweight, 23.0–27.49 | −1.9 (−4.6, 0.8) | −2.3 (–5.0, 0.5) | 0.8 (−0.8, 2.5) | 0.7 (−0.9, 2.4) |
Obese, ≥27.5 | −1.7 (−5.6, 2.2) | −2.2 (–6.2, 1.8) | 1.4 (−0.9, 3.8) | 1.3 (−1.1, 3.8) |
Physical performanceb | ||||
High physical performance | ref | ref | ref | ref |
Moderate physical performance | 1.7 (−1.2, 4.5) | 1.5 (−1.3, 4.4) | 0.5 (−1.2, 2.2) | 0.6 (−1.2, 2.3) |
Low physical performance | 5.0 (−2.5, 12.5) | 5.1 (−2.5, 12.6) | 1.8 (−2.8, 6.3) | 1.5 (−3.0, 6.1) |
IL-6 | – | – | ||
Lowest tertile | ref | ref | ||
Middle tertile | −0.8 (−3.6, 2.0) | 1.4 (−0.3, 3.1) | ||
Highest tertile | −0.3 (−2.7, 2.1) | 0.9 (−0.6, 2.4) | ||
TNF-a | – | – | ||
Lowest tertile | ref | ref | ||
Middle tertile | −0.1 (−2.6, 2.4) | −0.2 (−1.7, 1.3) | ||
Highest tertile | 0.2 (−2.4, 2.8) | −0.8 (−2.3, 0.8) | ||
hs-CRP | – | – | ||
Lowest tertile | ref | ref | ||
Middle tertile | 1.9 (−0.6, 4.3) | 0.9 (−0.6, 2.4) | ||
Highest tertile | 2.3 (−0.4, 5.0) | 0.2 (−1.5, 1.8) | ||
