Fig. 3
A Effects of different ambient temperatures (23, 18, and 15 °C) on cardiovascular autonomic variables of 24-h recording without sleep scoring (Mix) and with distinctions among active waking (AW), quiet sleep (QS), and paradoxical sleep (PS) in rats. *p < 0.05 vs 23 °C, †p < 0.05 vs 18 °C by Fisher’s least significant difference test following a significant one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA); *p < 0.05 vs 23 °C, †p < 0.05 vs 18 °C by Dunn’s post hoc method following a significant Friedman’s test. B The changes in cardiovascular autonomic variables from 23 to 18 °C (18–23 °C) and from 23 to 15 °C (15–23 °C) during the AW, QS, and PS stages. *,*p < 0.05 vs 0 by one-sample t-test for normality and one-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test for nonnormality, respectively; †,†p < 0.05 vs 18–23 °C by paired t-test for normality and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for nonnormality, respectively; #p < 0.05 vs AW by Dunn post hoc method for nonnormality; there was no significant difference between AW and either QS or PS by Fisher’s least significant difference test for normally distributed variables. Data are shown as scatter/dot plots with means ± SEM; n = 11. BLF low-frequency power of blood pressure variability, TP total power of heart rate variability, HF high-frequency power of heart rate variability, LF% normalized low-frequency power of heart rate variability, ln natural logarithm, nu normalized units
