Table 1 Patient characteristics (n = 44)

From: Structural changes in renal arterioles are closely associated with central hemodynamic parameters in patients with renal disease

Men, n (%)

23 (52.3%)

Age (years), mean ± SD

32.4 ± 9.9

BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR)

21.9 (20.2–25.2)

Smoking, n (%)

8 (18.2)

Hypertension, n (%); duration of illness (years), mean ± SD

9 (20.5); 2.5 ± 1.9

Diabetes, n (%)

0 (0.0)

Hyperuricemia, n (%)

1 (2.3)

Medication

   RAAS inhibitors, n (%)

5 (11.3)

   Calcium blockers, n (%)

2 (4.5)

   Diuretics, n (%)

2 (4.5)

Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD

187.8 ± 49.7

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD

106.6 ± 42.3

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD

58.7 ± 15.1

Triglyceride (mg/dL), median (Q1, Q3)

99 (71.0, 151.5)

Serum uric acid (mg/dL), mean ± SD

5.6 ± 1.3

Plasma glucose (mg/dL), mean ± SD

85.0 ± 1.8

HbA1c (%), mean ± SD

5.4 ± 0.3

HOMA-IR, median (IQR)

1.48 (1.2–2.4)

Serum albumin (g/dL), mean ± SD

4.0 ± 0.4

eGFRcr (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD

85.9 ± 23.1

eGFRcysC (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD

109.8 ± 32.1

C-reactive protein (mg/dL), median (IQR)

0.05 (0.01–0.14)

Urine PCR (g/gCr), median (IQR)

0.83 (0.2–1.5)

Urine ACR (mg/gCr), median (IQR)

536.7 (149.0–1071.7)

Brachial SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD

120.2 ± 13.5

Brachial DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD

75.3 ± 10.3

Brachial PP (mmHg), median (IQR)

45.5 (37–53)

MAP (mmHg), mean ± SD

90.2 ± 10.7

Central SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD

115.2 ± 17.9

Central PP (mmHg), mean ± SD

39.9 ± 9.7

Brachial-ankle PWV (m/s), mean ± SD

12.1 ± 2.2

Long axis of the kidney (mm), mean ± SD

106.9 ± 7.4

Biopsy-confirmed diagnosis

   Immunoglobulin A nephropathy, n (%); duration of illness (months), median (IQR)

33 (75.0); 24 (6–108)

   Nephrosclerosis, n (%); duration of illness (months)

1 (2.3); 3

   Minor glomerular abnormalities, n (%); duration of illness (months), median (IQR)

6 (13.6); 0.2 (0.1–9.3)

   Membranous nephropathy, n (%); duration of illness (months)

1 (2.3); 96

   Tubulointerstitial nephritis, n (%); duration of illness (months)

2 (4.6); 2 and 4

   Unclassified, n (%); duration of illness (months)

1 (2.3); 4

Histological features

 Global glomerulosclerosis (%) median (IQR)

9.1 (0.0–22.2)

 Small artery intimal thickening grade (0–3), median (IQR)

0 (0–2)

Lesions of arterioles

   Total number of evaluated arterioles, median (IQR)

11 (7–23)

   Arteriolar wall thickening (%)a, mean ± SD

39.2 ± 22.7

   Arteriolar wall remodeling grade index (RG index), mean ± SD

1.2 ± 0.46

   Arteriolar hyalinosis (%)b, mean ± SD

37.4 ± 28.4

   Arteriolar hyalinosis index (Hyl index), mean ± SD

0.62 ± 0.57

  Interstitial fibrosis (0–3), median (IQR)

1 (0–1)

  Interstitial infiltration (0–3), median (IQR)

1 (0–1)

  1. SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, BMI body mass index, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, eGFRcr estimated glomerular filtration rate using serum creatinine, eGFRcysC estimated glomerular filtration rate using serum cystatin C, PCR protein creatinine ratio, ACR albumin creatinine ratio, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, MAP mean arterial pressure, PP pulse pressure, PWV pulse wave velocity
  2. aPercentage of arterioles with an RG index of 2 or 3
  3. bPercentage of arterioles with an Hyl index of 1 or greater
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