Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to the habit of eating before bed

From: Eating before bed and new-onset hypertension in a Japanese population: the Iki city epidemiological study of atherosclerosis and chronic kidney disease

 

No eating before bed

Eating before bed

p value

(N = 2310)

(N = 620)

Age, mean (SD), years

57.1

(11.7)

56.3

(11.3)

0.316

Male, N (%)

896

(38.8)

358

(57.7)

<0.0001

Current smoking, N (%)

424

(18.4)

179

(28.9)

<0.0001

Current daily alcohol intake, N (%)

389

(16.9)

189

(30.7)

<0.0001

Regular exercisea, N (%)

556

(24.4)

150

(24.5)

0.958

Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2

22.8

(3.2)

23.4

(3.2)

0.556

Obesityb, N (%)

517

(22.4)

171

(27.6)

0.008

Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg

118.6

(12.2)

120

(11.4)

0.053

Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg

71.4

(8.9)

70.2

(8.8)

0.853

Elevated blood pressurec, N (%)

749

(32.4)

214

(34.5)

0.336

Diabetes mellitusd, N (%)

112

(4.9)

33

(5.3)

0.604

HbA1c, mean (SD),%

5.4

(0.6)

5.4

(0.7)

0.001

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L

1.6

(0.4)

1.6

(0.4)

0.757

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L

3.2

(0.8)

3.2

(0.8)

0.957

Triglyceride, mean (SD), mmol/L

2.8

(1.9)

3.2

(2.4)

<0.0001

Dyslipidemiae, N (%)

950

(41.1)

268

(43.2)

0.359

  1. aExercise habits of ≥30 min per day for ≥2 times per week
  2. bBP 130–139/80–89 mmHg
  3. cBody mass index of ≥25 kg/m2
  4. dCasual serum glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, HbA1c ≥ 6.5% or use of glucose-lowering therapy
  5. eLDH cholesterol ≥ 3.62 mmol/L, HDL cholesterol < 1.03 mmol/L, triglyceride ≥ 1.69 mmol/L, or use of lipid-lowering medication
Back to article page