Table 1 Studies on the seasonal variation of blood pressure published after the year 2000
Author | Â | BP measurement | Study design | N | Men, % | Age, yrs | Treated HT, % | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Madsen | 2006 | Office | Cross-sectional | 16,756 | 45 | NR | NR | DifW-S *: 3 mmHg by office measurement. Outdoor temperature is related to office BP (SBP elevated 2 mmHg per 10°C decrease of outdoor temperature). |
Alperovitch | 2009 | Prospective | 8801 | 39 | 74 | 51 | DifW-S: 8.0 mmHg by office measurement. Outdoor temperature and office BP were strongly correlated in the elderly (>80 years old). | |
Yang L | 2015 | Cross-sectional | 23,040 | 44 | 61 | 31 | DifW-S: 9 mmHg by office measurement. | |
Cois | 2015 | Prospective | 9566 | 39 | 36 | 12 | DifW-S: 4.2 mmHg by office measurement. The difference between summer and winter was higher in subjects in the lower socioeconomic class compared to subjects in the higher socioeconomic class. | |
Wang | 2017 | Cross-sectional | 438,811 | 57 | 43 | NR | The association of outdoor temperature with office BP was stronger in normotensives than in hypertensives. These associations were stronger in men and older individuals. | |
Jehn | 2002 | Ambulatory | Cross-sectional | 333 | 53 | 45 | NR | The difference of ambulatory SBP between the coldest (<3°C) and the hottest (>21°C) outdoor temperature was 3 mmHg over 24-h, 2 mmHg in the daytime, and 4 mmHg in the nighttime. ABP variability was higher under cold outdoor temperature than under warm outdoor temperature. |
Modesti | 2006 | Prospective | 6404 | 50 | 59 | NR | The difference between hot and cold outdoor temperature was 5 mmHg by office measurement, 3 mmHg by 24-h ambulatory measurement, and 4 mmHg in morning surge (33.3 mmHg vs. 37.3 mmHg). | |
Hayashi | 2008 | Prospective | 45 | 40 | 67 | 0 | The difference between wake-up and pre-wake-up (BP difference around wake-up) was 8.7 mmHg higher in winter than summer. | |
Fedecostante | 2012 | Cross-sectional | 1395 | 53 | 64 | 57 | DifW-S: 1.1 mmHg by 24-h ambulatory (N.S.), 2.4 mmHg by daytime ambulatory, and –2.3 mmHg by nighttime ambulatory measurement. The DifW-S was higher in uncontrolled hypertensive and non-treated hypertensive patients. Non-dipper status was more prevalent in summer than in winter (61.9% vs. 41.8%). Isolated nocturnal hypertension (elevated nighttime ABP in untreated patients with normal 24-h and daytime ABP) was more prevalent in summer than in winter (15.2% vs. 9.2%). | |
Modesti | 2013 | Cross-sectional | 1897 | 55 | 63 | 65 | DifW-S: 0.2 mmHg by 24-h ambulatory (N.S.), 3 mmHg by daytime ambulatory, and 4 mmHg by nighttime ambulatory measurement, and 5 mmHg in morning surge. Outdoor temperature and daylight hours were associated with daytime and nighttime ABP. | |
Saeki | 2014 | Cross-sectional | 868 | 51 | 72 | 45 | 1°C lower indoor temperature was associated with a 0.22 mmHg increment in daytime BP, a 0.18% higher incidence of nocturnal BP dipping, and a 0.34 mmHg increment in sleep-trough morning surge. Nighttime SBP was related to bed-temperature, but not to indoor or outdoor temperature. | |
Nishizawa | 2018 | Cross-sectional | 412 | 43 | 71 | 100 | DifW-S: 0.3 mmHg over 24-h (NS), 1.7 mmHg in daytime, −1.1 mmHg in nighttime (NS), and 4.5 mmHg in morning. Morning surge was 5 mmHg higher in winter than in summer. | |
Kimura | 2010 | Home | Prospective | 15 | 47 | 79 | 0 | DifW-S: 12 mmHg by morning measurement. |
Hozawa | 2011 | Prospective | 79 | 41 | 73 | NR | DifW-S: 6 mmHg by morning measurement. | |
Hanazawa | 2017 | Prospective | 1649 | 48 | 62 | 100 | DifW-S: 6.7 mmHg by morning measurement. Seasonal variation was assessed using one cycle of the cosine curve in individual BP values. | |
Yatabe | 2017 | Prospective | 106 | 50 | 69 | 0 | DifW-S: 7.1 mmHg in the average of morning and evening BP. Variability of room temperature (presented as CV) was related to day-by-day HBP variability (CV) (R = 0.345, p < 0.01). | |
Iwahori | 2018 | Cross-sectional | 47,572 | 84 | 51 | 39 | DifW-S: 6.8 mmHg by morning measurement and 6 mmHg by evening measurement. | |
Hanazawa | 2018 | Prospective | 2787 | 60 | 50 | 100 | Seasonal HBP amplitude between summer and winter was associated with cardiovascular outcomes [Reference [45]]. | |
Narita | 2020 | Cross-sectional | 4267 | 65 | 47 | 79 | DifW-S: 6 mmHg by morning and 5 mmHg by evening measurement. Prevalence of masked hypertension was lower in summer than other seasons. The association between TOD (UACR and BNP) and morning HBP was stronger in winter than other seasons. | |
Stergiou | 2015 | Office, home, ambulatory | Prospective | 60 | 65 | 65 | 100 | DifW-S: 7 mmHg by office, 4.9 mmHg by home, 6.6 mmHg by daytime ambulatory, and –1.2 mmHg by nighttime ambulatory measurement (NS). Seasonal changes in outdoor temperature and the discomfort indices that reflected weather-induced were correlated with seasonal changes in BP. |
Tabara | 2018 | Nighttime home | Cross-sectional | 4780 | 32 | 59 | 25 | When using a nighttime HBP device (with automatic BP measurements at midnight, 2 am, and 4 am), nighttime home SBP tended to be higher in summer than in winter (4 mmHg). The mean of nocturnal dipping (SBP) was 5.8% in summer and 11.0% in winter. |
Narita | 2020 | Cross-sectional | 2544 | 63 | 49 | 83 | When using a nighttime HBP device (with automatic BP measurements at 2 am, 3 am, and 4 am), DifW-S was −5 mmHg in nighttime, and the prevalence of masked nocturnal hypertension (uncontrolled nighttime HBP in controlled daytime HBP) was higher in summer than other seasons. |
