Fig. 5

Random effects meta-analysis of the association of HTN with epigenetic age acceleration subgrouped by epigenetic clock algorithm and clinically-defined v self-report of hypertension. Horizontal lines represent the 95% confidence interval (CI) for each study. Diamonds indicate pooled effect and 95%CI for each subgroup and overall effect (Z). χ ² chi-squared test assesses whether observed difference in results are compatible with chance alone; I² heterogeneity index (0%–100%); SD, standard deviation; IV, Random, a random effects meta-analysis is applied with weights based on inverse variances