Fig. 5
Electrically controllable chirality of the toroidal moment. Projections of the toroidal moment of the ferroelectric displacement (polarization), T x (r), T y (r), and T z (r) when the particle is subjected to a cyclic external electric field: E 1 (0 kV cm−1), E 2 (223 kV cm−1) and back to remnant E 3 (0 kV cm−1). a Shows the projection T x (r), b T y (r), and c T z (r) under field E 1 (0 kV cm−1). At the maximum field of E 2 (223 kV cm−1) the projections T x (r), T y (r), and T z (r) are shown in d, e and f respectively. When the field is returned to E 3 (0 kV cm−1) the projections T x (r), T y (r), and T z (r) are shown in g, h and i respectively. Each projection of the moment can be seen as a new ferroelectric phase within a single FE particle with electrically controllable chirality. The displayed view of the particle is in the plane perpendicular to the vortex core. For more views please see the Supplementary Movie 1. Scale bars correspond to 60 nm
