Fig. 3

PROOF retrieved 53 as soft X-ray pulse. a Photoelectron spectrogram as a function of temporal delay between the soft X-ray and the streaking IR pulses in the case of a 400-nm-thick tin filter. A negative delay corresponds to an earlier IR pulse arrival. b Filter I ω trace (−5 to 0 fs) from the spectrogram in a and the retrieved I ω trace (0–5 fs). c Experimentally recorded (gray shade) and PROOF-retrieved spectra (black dash) by adding helium photoionization potential (24.6 eV); corrected photon spectrum (blue solid), and spectrum phase (red dot) from PROOF. d Retrieved temporal intensity profile and phase of the 53 as pulses