Fig. 3

1979–2013 model trends in upper ocean properties in the Ross Sea. 1979–2013 model trends in a mixed layer depth, b near-surface vertical salinity gradient, c ocean temperature at depth, and d sea-ice concentration in the sea-ice-covered region of the Ross Sea. In c, temperature trends are shown at the depth at which they are maximum, within the upper 300 m. Except in the southernmost Ross Sea where MLD increases a, the depth of this maximum is always greater than the local mean MLD (Supplementary Fig. 3). This depth is also used as the lower boundary of the column over which salinity gradients of b are computed