Fig. 4

1979–2014 observed annual time series and trends in upper ocean properties in the Ross Sea. 1979–2014 annual time series and trends (from in situ observations²⁷) in a 100–160 m mean ocean temperature, b mixed layer depth, and c salinity gradient across the top 130 m, on average over the Ross Sea areas where observed ice concentration trends are larger than 3% dec⁻¹ (typical interval of confidence for ice concentration trends). Annual means (± one standard error) are shown in gray. Linear trends are shown as red lines and given with their 95% confidence interval at the bottom of each panel