Fig. 5
From: Prophage-triggered membrane vesicle formation through peptidoglycan damage in Bacillus subtilis
Schematic model of MV production by the holin–endolysin pathway in B. subtilis. Step 1, the holin forms pores in the cytoplasmic membrane to allow the endolysin to access the PG. Step 2, the endolysin degrades the PG and creates holes. The PG can also be degraded from outside, e.g., by endolysins released from neighboring cells. Step 3, the cytoplasmic membrane is extruded through the holes in the PG, presumably due to high cell turgor. Step 4, the MVs are released. We also observed that intracellular membrane fragments can vesicularize and may eventually be released from the dying cell
