Fig. 3
From: Rapid global ocean-atmosphere response to Southern Ocean freshening during the last glacial
Summary of CSIRO Mk3L ensemble simulations showing the impact of a 338-year duration freshwater flux of 0.54 Sv into the Weddell and Ross Seas. Salinity anomaly is shown in a (dashed lines denote regions where freshwater applied with key site locations discussed in text shown). Surface air temperature (colour) and sea ice concentration anomalies (green lines; solid = positive, dashed = negative, with a contour interval of 3%) seen in b are not well-correlated with SST anomalies c, but sea ice concentration increases are highly correlated with salinity decreases in the Ross and Amundsen Sea sectors from the freshwater hosing. Global Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) anomaly is shown along with ocean temperature anomalies in d, where positive contours are solid, negative contours are dashed and the zero contour is emboldened, with a contour interval of 2 Sverdrups (Sv). The Southern positive cell represents reduced Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation. Anomalies in a–d are averaged over the 338-year duration freshwater flux. Resulting seasonal equatorial (0°) Pacific eastward propagating Kelvin waves at the thermocline during the first year of freshwater application (545 m depth) in e and westward surface propagating Rossby waves in f identified by temperature changes. Significance P < 0.05
