Fig. 6

Two time point-shared lineage analysis reveals SHM increment during acute malaria infection. a Average SHM for sequences from pre-malaria (blue) and acute malaria (pink) time points within lineages containing sequences from both time points for infants (N = 6) and toddlers (N = 9). b Average SHM increase upon acute malaria infection for infants (black) and toddlers (red) from (a). c Flow diagram for two time point-shared lineage containing pre-malaria memory B cell identification and acute progeny analysis. Percentages represent the average percent of unique sequences classified by the indicated slice, range in brackets. d Average SHM load for pre-malaria memory B cells with acute progeny (blue) and their acute progenies (pink) for malaria-experienced toddlers with FACS-sorted pre-malaria memory B cells (N = 8). e Isotype distribution of pre-malaria memory B cells with acute progeny. f Isotype fate of acute progenies stemming from IgM pre-malaria memory B cells. Lines connect the same individuals. Bars indicate means. a, d–f *P < 0.05, N.S. indicates not significant by two-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test. b *P  < 0.05 by two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test