Fig. 5

3D-SHOT provides cellular resolution photostimulation in a large volume through digital focusing. a To quantify the spatial resolution of 3D-SHOT as a function of hologram target depth, we recorded photocurrents in CHO cells while digitally targeting varying positions along the optical axis (z), and measuring resolution by mechanically sweeping the objective over the entire (z) range and measuring the response at each point. b Normalized photocurrent in CHO cells while targeting the same cell from different axial displacements (n = 5 cells; p = 0.39, Kruskal−Wallis test with multiple comparisons correction, data are mean and s.e.m.). c Axial photocurrent resolution as a function of digital displacement—shaded green colors denote mechanical sweeps across the optical axis for different digital displacements. d Quantification of the FWHM for the axial fit of photocurrents in CHO cells as a function of digital defocus from the focal plane (n = 5 cells, p = 0.07, data are mean and s.e.m.). e−h As in a−d, but spike probability recorded in mouse brain slices via current clamp instead of photocurrent in CHO cells recorded in voltage clamp (f: p = 0.2; h: p = 0.17, n = 3 neurons)