Fig. 1

Temporal progressions of chiroptical activity of NP dimers for transmembrane transport in HeLa cells and other conditions. a Schematics of NP dimers in a model cell; b CD spectra of individual NPs, HeLa cells and NP dimers in the PBS buffer. Scale bar: 100 nm. c, d CD spectra of NP dimers incubated with HeLa cells over a period of 2 h; The spectroscopic measurements for each time point were performed before and after the removal of extracellular dimers. e CD spectra of NP dimers incubated with HeLa cells over a period of 48 h; The spectroscopic measurements for each time point were performed after the removal of extracellular dimers as in d. f–h CD spectra of NP dimers in BSA, NaCl and β-d-glucose solutions with various concentrations as given in the legends