Fig. 3

Observed trend regression of inverted vertical wind shear on the AMOC Index. The 11-year trends of inverted vertical shear of zonal wind are regressed on the 11-year trends of AMOC Index at 26°N. The observed AMOC Index at 26°N is reconstructed using the AMOC fingerprint (Methods). Blue box: Atlantic hurricane main development region (MDR: 80°W–20°W, 10°N–20°N). The results are based on all available 11-year segments sampled from the observations. Positive values imply an increase in vertical wind shear when AMOC declines, and vice versa