Fig. 2
Changes in bile acid composition in response to Acarbose treatment correlate with clinical outcomes. a Plasma levels of bile acids (BAs) before and after Acarbose and Glipizide treatments. Results are shown as boxes denoting the interquartile range between the first and third quartiles. The line within the boxes denotes the median, paired Wilcoxon rank-sum test, *P < 0.01, + P < 0.05: Post-treatment vs. Pre-treatment in the Acarbose arm, n = 49 in Acarbose pre and Acarbose post-treatment, n = 43 in Glipizide pre and Glipizide post-treatment. b Changes in the composition of BAs in the two treatment arms; paired Wilcoxon rank-sum test, *P < 0.01, + P < 0.05: Post vs. Pre-treatment in the Acarbose arm. c Multivariate GEE analysis of the contribution of BAs to the main clinical outcomes of Acarbose treatment. *P < 0.01, + P < 0.05, adjusted for BMI, sex and age. The colour key represents the regression coefficients of the independent variables. AUCIns, Area under curve value of plasma insulin level during a meal test; AUCCpep, Area under curve value of plasma C peptide level during a meal test; AUCGlu, Area under curve value of blood glucose level during a meal test; FLI, fatty liver index; LBP, lipopolysaccharides binding protein; ΔIns30/G30 = (Ins30-Ins0)/(G30-G0) during a meal test. TC total cholesterol, LDL low-density of lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides, HDL high-density of lipoprotein cholesterol, IL6 Interleukin 6, CDCA chenodeoxycholic acid, CA cholic acid, PBA/SBA the ratio of primary BAs vs. secondary BAs, UnconBA/ConBA the ratio of unconjugated BA species vs. conjugated BA species, TCA taurocholic acid, TCDCA taurochenodeoxycholic acid, DCA deoxycholic acid, 12αOH/non-12αOH the ratio of 12αOH vs. non-12αOH BA species, UDCA ursodeoxycholic acid, LCA lithocholic acid, TLCA taurolithocholic acid, GLCA glycolithocholic acid, TDCA taurodeoxycholic acid, GDCA glycodeoxycholic acid, GUDCA glycoursodeoxycholic acid, TUDCA tauroursodeoxycholic acid, ABA sum of all measured plasma BAs, GCDCA glycochenodeoxycholic acid, TaurineBA taurine-conjugated bile acids, GCA glycocholic acid
