Fig. 4

Viscoelastic parameters of LTO electrodes when in contact with different electrolyte solutions: a 1 M LiTFSI, b 1 M LiPF6, and c 1 M LiPF6 + 2% VC. Storage modulus and thickness of the SEI on LTO electrode at different potentials are shown by orange and blue columns, respectively. The VC green columns show the dynamic viscosity of SEI. The full set of parameters for all three systems is listed in Supplementary Tables 1, 2 and 3, respectively