Fig. 3
A new Laverania species specific for bonobos. a, b Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees are shown for nuclear gene fragments of the a erythrocyte-binding antigen 165 (eba165; 790 bp) and b the gametocyte surface protein P47 (p47; 800 bp) of Laverania parasites. Sequences are labelled and coloured as in Fig. 2 (identical sequences from different samples are shown; identical sequences from the same sample are excluded). C1, C2 and C3 represent the chimpanzee parasites P. reichenowi, P. gaboni and P. billcollinsi; G1, G2 and G3 represent the gorilla parasites P. praefalciparum, P. adleri and P. blacklocki (PrCDC and Pf3D7 reference sequences are shown in black). Bonobo parasite sequences cluster within P. gaboni (C2) or form a new distinct clade (B1), indicating a new Laverania species (see text for information on the single eba165 B1 sequence from an eastern chimpanzee). The trees were constructed using PhyML58 with TPM3uf+G (a) and GTR+G (b) as evolutionary models. Bootstrap values are shown for major nodes only (the scale bar represents 0.01 substitutions per site)
