Fig. 4
Bonobo infections with non-Laverania parasites. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees are shown for mitochondrial and apicoplast gene sequences of non-Laverania parasites. Ape-derived a cytB (956 bp), b clpM (327 bp), c cox1 (296 bp) and d clpM (574 bp) sequences are labelled and coloured as in Fig. 2 (identical sequences from different samples are shown; identical sequences from the same sample are excluded). Human and monkey parasite reference sequences from the database are labelled by black squares and circles, respectively. Brackets indicate non-Laverania species, including P. malariae, P. vivax, P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri (available sequences are too short to differentiate ape- and human-specific lineages) as well as the monkey parasites P. inui and P. hylobati. Newly identified bonobo parasite sequences are indicated by arrows, all of which are from the TL2 site. One TL2 cytB sequence clusters with a previously reported parasite sequence from a chimpanzee sample (DGptt540), forming a well-supported lineage that is only distantly related to human and ape P. malariae, and thus likely represents a new P. malariae-related species. The trees were constructed using PhyML58 with GTR+G (a), TRN+I (b, d) and TIM2+I (c) as evolutionary models. Bootstrap values over 70% are shown for major nodes only (the scale bar represents 0.01 substitutions per site)
