Table 1 Clinical information on primary samples used in this study

Sample	Age	Gender	Tissue	Diagnosis	Therapy	Light chain	FISH
MM1	64	M	BM	Smoldering MM	Untreated	Lambda	Gain ch.5
MM2	49	F	BM	Smoldering MM	Untreated	Lambda	Monosomy ch.13; gain ch.5; t(14;16)
MM3	77	M	BM	MM newly diagnosed	Supportive care	Kappa	Monosomy ch.13; del17p, t(11;14)
MM4	65	M	BM	MM newly diagnosed	Untreated	Lambda	Gain ch.5 del17p
MM5	71	M	BM	MM	Carfilzomib + DEX	Lambda	Loss 4p16, 17p, gain 5q, 11q, 14q
MM6	47	M	BM	MM	CyVD	Kappa	Loss at 14q
MM7	54	F	BM	MM relapsed	DEX^a	Kappa	trisomy ch7 and 9
MM8	71	M	BM	MM relapsed	RVD^b	Kappa	Normal
MM9	70	M	PB	PCL	Untreated-early death	Kappa	NA
MM10	73	M	PB	PCL	Supportive care	Lambda	NA
MM11	58	F	PB	PCL	Unknown-lost to follow up	Kappa	NA
MM12	81	F	BM	Smoldering MM	Untreated	Kappa	Normal
MM13	70	M	BM	Smoldering MM	Untreated	Kappa	Monosomy ch.13, gain ch.5, 7q, 11q.
MM14	83	M	BM	MM newly diagnosed	Velcade	Lambda	CCND1/IGH;; t(11;14)
MM15	76	M	BM	MM newly diagnosed	Untreated	Kappa	Normal
MM16	58	F	BM	MM relapsed	Carfilzomib + DEX previously revlimid	Kappa	CCND1/IGH; monosomy ch.13
MM17	58	M	BM	MM relapsed	Daratumumab/Pomalidomide/DEX	Kappa	Gain ch.1q, 5,7,9,11
MM18	51	F	BM	MM relapsed	Revlimid	Lambda	Normal
MM19	56	F	BM	PCL	N/A	Kappa	Monosomy ch. 13, X; gain of 1q and 7q 13

Diagnosis was confirmed at the time of the bone marrow biopsy. Treatment abbreviations include: DEX, dexamethasone; CyVD, cyclophosphamide–Velcade–dexamethasone; RVD, Revlimid–Velcade–dexamethasone; NA, not available
^aStarted dexamethasone, previously on lenalidomide (revlimid), bortezomib (Velcade) and thalidomide
^b2 years off therapy at the time of biopsy

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