Fig. 2

GO-piperazine hollow fiber membranes. a Digital picture of a GO-piperazine (GOP) hollow fiber membrane housed in a Pyrex tube. The scale bar is 10 mm; inset shows the inner surface of PES support before (left) and after (right) depositing GOP coating. The effective separation length of the hollow fiber membrane is 43 mm; the membrane was sealed in a Pyrex tube at two ends using epoxy, and two holes on each side were drilled into the Pyrex tube. The coated PES support surface shows a uniform dark gray color, suggesting a high-quality coating. b Surface and c cross-sectional SEM images of a GOP (10 wt.% piperazine) membrane. The scale bars in b and c are 200 nm and 50 nm, respectively