Fig. 1

Peroral d-allulose suppresses food intake and releases GLP-1 in normal mice. a Cumulative food intake at 0.5–24 h after p.o. administration of 0.3, 1, and 3 g kg⁻¹ d-allulose (Allu) in C57BL/6J mice fasted overnight (16 h). n = 10. Different letters indicate p < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test in each time. b In conditioned taste aversion test, saccharin preference was measured at 2 days after injection of saline, Allu, or lithium chloride (LiCl; 3 mmol kg⁻¹). n = 5–8. **p < 0.01 by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. c Cumulative food intake after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 1 g kg⁻¹ Allu. n = 8. d–g Time course of active GLP-1 (d), total GIP (e), CCK (f), and PYY (g) concentrations in portal vein plasma after 1 g kg⁻¹ Allu or saline p.o. injection. n = 5–9. **p < 0.01 by two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s test vs. saline. h, i Active GLP-1 (h) and total GIP (i) concentrations in portal vein at 1 h after p.o. administration of increasing concentrations of Allu or d-glucose. n = 5–15. Different letters indicate p < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. Error bars are SEM