Fig. 2
Modularity and number of modules observed in empirical networks and predicted by two different null models. Mean maximized modularity (a) and mean number of modules (b) of the observed networks (black) across the range of interlayer strength (0–10), and comparison against the two null models: intralayer null model (blue), and interlayer null model (red symbols). Values presented as the mean (±SEM) of 100 runs of the modularity function, for each interlayer strength. The significance of the observed modularity and number of modules was compared against those of the null networks with a one-sample t test. *p < 0.050, **p < 0.010, ***p < 0.001, n.s. non-significant. Full results are presented in Supplementary Data 1
