Fig. 2
From: Anti-fouling graphene-based membranes for effective water desalination
Characteristics of permeable graphene films. Several nanoscopic features in permeable graphene film enable water permeation and desalination. The microscopic morphology of the graphene film was investigated using SEM, revealing the graphene film on the PTFE membrane in a low-magnification, scale bar 30 µm and b high-magnification, scale bar 2 µm. Many ripples on the surface of the graphene film are observed, and the high transparency of the graphene film allows one to observe the underlying PTFE membrane. TEM images in c low-magnification, and respective d bright-field and e dark-field images show many small graphene domains with many thick dark lines corresponding to the overlapping of grain boundaries that form the channels for the water vapour passage. c–e Scale bars represent 200 nm
