Fig. 5

A comparison of GPS time series and model predictions. Predictions are from both afterslip and viscoelastic flow from our inversion and dynamic VISCO1D forward model at sample stations (see Figs. 2 and 4). a, b, c The east-component, north-component and up-component displacements, respectively. Grey dots show the GPS data with 1σ error bars. Afterslip and viscoelastic flow predictions from our inversion are shown in light blue (solid curves) and blue (solid curves), respectively, with their combined contribution shown in red. The forward model prediction by VISCO1D driven by the coseismic model from ref. ²⁴ with the both Burgers, and Maxwell rheology model found at the 2004 rupture from ref. ¹⁶, and transient and steady-state viscosity found at cuboid 2 (BurgersInv) are respectively shown as brown curves, brown dashed lines and blue dashed lines for reference